No es raro que en la biografía de personajes importantes de la conquista del Nuevo Mundo, tales como Hernán Cortés, Francisco Pizarro o Diego de Almagro, se mezclen, sobre todo en sus orígenes, elementos que parecen arrancados de la leyenda o de alguna página de una novela de caballerías. El padre de quien la historia conoce como Diego de Almagro fue Juan de Montenegro, quien tenía como oficio servir como copero, es decir, escanciador de vino, del maestre de la Orden de Calatrava Rodrigo Girón. Montenegro era, pues, mozo de humilde condición y tuvo “trato de amores”, al parecer con promesa de matrimonio, con una joven igualmente humilde llamada Elvira Gutiérrez. Fruto de estas relaciones fue la venida al mundo de un niño no deseado. Elvira dio a luz al pequeño de la forma más oculta posible en el pueblo de Almagro, dominio de la Orden de Calatrava, y a los pocos días de nacido el niño fue llevado secretamente a Aldea del Rey, un pequeño lugar en la comarca de Almodóvar. Allí quedó bajo el cuidado de una mujer llamada Sancha López del Peral, quien tenía una hija, Catalina, nacida casi al mismo tiempo que el repudiado vástago de Elvira Gutiérrez. Con Sancha y Catalina, y mantenido en secreto, quedó Diego “hasta que fue mallorcito”, tal vez con cuatro o cinco años de edad. Entonces reapareció el copero Montenegro y se lo llevó consigo por corto tiempo, pues falleció. Un tío materno de Diego, Hernán Gutiérrez, se hizo cargo del infante, que años más tarde sería un adolescente de catorce años, sumamente travieso, de carácter rebelde e ingobernable. Su tío le castigaba y llevó su severidad a extremos lindantes con lo cruel: le ponía cadenas en los pies que le causaban grandes dolores. Diego se sintió lo suficientemente fuerte para encontrar la forma de ganarse la vida y en la primera oportunidad que tuvo huyó muy lejos del pariente que sólo le había dado un plato de magra comida, malos tratos y duro trabajo.
Ya por entonces todos le llamaban Diego, pero allí quedaba el asunto. Debió ser Montenegro, por su padre, o Gutiérrez, por su madre, pero ninguno de sus progenitores se preocupó por darle un apellido. Por eso tomó el nombre de la villa donde había nacido: Almagro. Corría 1493 y, un año antes, Cristóbal Colón había llegado a las Indias. La historia de su viaje descubridor y de las maravillas de las tierras visitadas por las tres carabelas excitaron la imaginación y el deseo de riqueza y aventuras de infinidad de jóvenes como Diego que, a la postre, nada tenían que perder pero sí mucho por ganar.
Con la idea de pasar al Nuevo Mundo, Diego de Almagro decidió buscar a su madre, que vivía en Ciudad Real, donde se había casado con un tal Cellinos. “¿A quién, mejor que a su madre, demandar socorro?”, escribió Alfonso Bulnes, quien a continuación dice: “Poco, sin embargo, quería amarrarse Elvira a su pasado clandestino; tan poco que, dado el pan que el vagabundo solicitaba, y algunas monedas para sosegar su conciencia, le dijo: ‘Toma, fijo, e no me des más pasión, e vete e ayúdate Dios a tu ventura”’.
Diego de Almagro, en efecto, tomó su camino y llegó a Toledo. Era aún mozo de pocos años y buscó a alguien a quien servir. Éste sería el licenciado Luis de Polanco —uno de los cuatro alcaldes de Corte de los Reyes Católicos—, de quien se convirtió en criado. Mas pronto, “como suele acaecer a los que con la mocedad no desconciertan”, Diego se acuchilló con otro mancebo y las heridas fueron tales, que al heridor no quedó más recurso que fugar. Pasando innumerables malaventuras, temeroso del largo brazo de la justicia, Diego de Almagro llegó a Sevilla, por entonces y por muchísimos años después, el gran emporio del comercio con las Indias y el punto de partida de las expediciones que emprendían viaje a esas tierras lejanas, todavía con inmensos territorios por descubrir.
Almagro consiguió embarcarse en una armada al mando de Pedrarias Dávila, designado gobernador de Castillo del Oro, más conocida como Tierrafirme. En tierras del Nuevo Mundo las circunstancias lo llevaron a convertirse en soldado y él demostraría muy pronto que estaba muy bien dotado para tal oficio, en un medio sumamente agresivo por la inclemencia del clima, el calor sofocante, las lluvias incesantes, la tupida selva y los agresivos flecheros indígenas. Almagro fue adquiriendo gran experiencia militando bajo la bandera de diversos capitanes. Se convirtió en un “baqueano”, en excelente rodelero que conocía todas las argucias de los indios y, por ello, varias veces salvó milagrosamente la vida. Un cronista señala que Diego de Almagro “era muy buen soldado, y tan gran peón que por los montes muy espesos seguía a un indio sólo por el rastro, que aunque le llevase una legua lo tomaba”. Otra crónica quinientista afirmaba, refiriéndose a Almagro: “Pacificando y conquistando la tierra, militando como un pobre soldado e buen compañero [...] dióse tan buen recaudo, que allegó dineros y esclavos e indios que le sirviesen”.
Almagro participó en la expedición que, por grave enfermedad de Pedrarias Dávila, comandó el licenciado Gaspar de Espinosa a la región de Peruquete y Paris. Esto ocurrió a postrero de 1515 y marzo de 1517. Es muy posible, aunque no se puede probar documentalmente, que Almagro estuviera bajo las órdenes de Francisco Pizarro. Un año más tarde, en 1518, Almagro fue uno de los hombres que tuvo papel importante en los preparativos de la expedición de Vasco Núñez de Balboa para conquistar tierras situadas a las orillas del Mar del Sur. En 1519 Diego de Almagro participó junto con el licenciado Espinosa y Francisco Pizarro en una “entrada” en la región de Natá y, por ello, no estuvo presente en la fundación de Panamá. No obstante, se reconocieron sus largos servicios y se le asignó un solar que lo convirtió en vecino de esa ciudad.
Ya desde 1519 la relación amical entre Almagro y Pizarro era muy grande. Esto los llevó a formar una sociedad o “compañía” y, según las crónicas, “fueron ambos tan buenos compañeros e tan avenidos, y en tanta amistad e conformidad, que ninguna cosa de hacienda, ni de indios, ni de esclavos, ni minas en que sacaban oro con su gente, ni ganados avía entre ellos sino común, e no más del uno que del otro, mucho mejor que entre hermanos”. Este tipo de compañías o sociedades entre dos o más personas fue muy común durante la conquista de América. A la compañía entre Almagro y Pizarro se sumó un sacerdote: Hernando de Luque, vicario de Darién. Precisamente por esos años, 1521 o 1522, Almagro era uno de los hombres más acaudalados del Darién, además de contar con un repartimiento de indios en Taboga, Chochama, Tufy y una mina en el río Chagres. Era, pues, uno de los pocos a quienes la fortuna les había sonreído en el Nuevo Mundo.
La prosperidad alcanzada por Almagro, y también por Pizarro, les hizo pensar en hazañas de mayor envergadura. El objetivo era ir a la conquista de la zona de Levante, o sea, al Sur de Panamá, mientras otros apostaban por la empresa de Poniente, al Norte, que tendría como resultado la conquista de Nicaragua. En pos de las tierras de Levante ya habían salido expediciones como la del capitán Gaspar de Morales y la de Pascual de Andagoya. Llevaron a Panamá noticias alentadoras de abundantes riquezas, pero no pruebas de ellas. Almagro, Pizarro y Luque decidieron intentar la conquista de esas doradas tierras y se pusieron de acuerdo para dividir gastos y tareas. Pizarro sería el capitán, el explorador; Almagro, que ya tenía experiencia en ello, sería el proveedor de hombres, caballos y alimentos; Luque aportaría algún dinero y se encargaría de obtener la licencia de Pedrarias para que la expedición pudiera zarpar. Investigaciones hechas en las últimas décadas parecen indicar que, tanto Pedrarias como el licenciado Espinosa, participaron de esta compañía, aunque muy discretamente.
El 13 de septiembre de 1524 partió Francisco Pizarro en una pequeña carabela llamada Santiago. Con él iban ciento doce españoles, indios nicaraguas como cargadores y apenas cuatro caballos. Pocos meses más tarde Almagro zarpó también de Panamá, en busca de Pizarro, en otra carabela llamada San Cristóbal. Iba con cerca de sesenta hombres y, entre ellos, el famoso piloto Bartolomé Ruiz. Por haberse alejado de la costa y navegar en alta mar, la carabela de Almagro no pudo toparse con Gil de Montenegro y Hernán Pérez Peñate, dos soldados a quienes Pizarro había ordenado regresar a Panamá en busca de refuerzos. Mientras tanto, Almagro llegaba a Pueblo Quemado, donde sostuvo un recio combate con los indios. No hubo víctimas mortales entre los cristianos, pero en la refriega Almagro perdió un ojo. A partir de ese momento los que no simpatizaban con él le llamarían el Tuerto. En Pueblo Quemado consiguió algo de oro. Luego, ordenó seguir navegando y el 24 de junio de 1525 descubrieron un río al que denominaron San Juan. La expedición —al igual que la de Pizarro— no había sido un éxito y Almagro decidió regresar a Panamá. Ambos socios se encontraron en Chochama, donde intercambiaron sus cuitas.
Almagro fue a Panamá a informar a Pedrarias sobre este primer viaje, mientras Pizarro permanecería en Chochama procurando que su gente no desertara. La furia del gobernador por el fracaso de la expedición y por el dinero que, presuntamente, había perdido, fue muy grande. Tildó a Pizarro de incompetente y decidió cancelar la empresa de Levante. Voces amigas le hicieron reflexionar y finalmente, aceptó que continuaran explorando, con la condición que Pizarro tuviera un capitán adjunto. Almagro entonces se propuso para ese cargo y más tarde diría que lo hizo para impedir que una persona más ingresara a la compañía en desmedro de las ganancias que esperaban obtener. Sin embargo, no faltaron personas que dijeron que la ambición había sido el motivo de la decisión de Almagro.
Con la seguridad de que el permiso no sería revocado, Almagro dedicó todos sus afanes a reclutar gente para embarcarla en el Santiago y el San Cristóbal e iniciar el segundo viaje hacia Levante. Esta vez los dos capitanes iban juntos y arribaron al pueblo de Atacames.
En dicho punto se produjo un grave incidente entre los dos socios que estuvieron a punto de desenvainar las espadas. Lo cierto es que Almagro trataba muy rudamente a los soldados y esto causaba problemas. Por suerte amigos de ambos socios intervinieron y los ánimos se aquietaron. Mas la vieja amistad entre Almagro y Pizarro ya estaba irremediablemente deteriorada.
De Atacames pasaron a la isla del Gallo, donde permaneció Pizarro con un contingente de hombres, mientras Almagro regresaba con las dos pequeñas carabelas a Panamá. Mediante un ardid, uno de los soldados descontentos metió un papel en un ovillo de algodón destinado como obsequio a Catalina de Saavedra, esposa del nuevo gobernador de Panamá, Pedro de los Ríos. En el pequeño trozo de papel se había escrito una copla que decía: “A Señor Gobernador, / miradlo bien por entero / allá va el recogedor / y acá queda el carnicero”. Obviamente el “recogedor” era Almagro y el “carnicero” Pizarro. La acusación era grave y por suerte se logró que Bartolomé Ruiz fuera en busca de Pizarro y su gente y pudieran seguir descubriendo hasta Tumbes, mientras que la mayoría de los milites regresaba a Panamá en un navío enviado por Pedro de los Ríos.
La evidencia de los lugares ricos en oro y con pobladores con mayor nivel cultural que las gentes de Tierrafirme, hicieron que Almagro, Pizarro y Luque replantearan la continuación de la empresa. Ésta se presentaba como algo de gran envergadura que no podía depender únicamente del gobernador de Panamá. Por eso, los socios decidieron negociar directamente con el Rey de España. Almagro insistió en que esa gestión la efectuara Francisco Pizarro. Finalmente, Pizarro partió a la Península y en Toledo firmó con la Corona la famosa Capitulación que haría posible la conquista del Perú. Pizarro recibió el título de adelantado, que pretendía Almagro, y el de gobernador de la Nueva Castilla. Comparativamente las mercedes para Almagro eran magras: alcaide de la fortaleza de Tumbes, una renta de 300.000 maravedís anuales y la condición de hidalgo.
Almagro, al saber estas noticias, se sintió profundamente defraudado. No acudió a recibir a Pizarro, pero finalmente tuvieron que entrevistarse. Pizarro argumentó que la Corona no había querido crear dos personajes con iguales prerrogativas, pues tenía experiencia negativa de ello. Almagro pareció quedar convencido, pero un nuevo personaje causó fricciones entre los viejos socios. Hernando Pizarro, hermano de Francisco y el único legítimo de todos ellos, no hizo nada por ocultar el desprecio que sentía por Almagro. Otra vez, Francisco trató de conciliar y para ello le obsequió a Almagro su parte del repartimiento de indios que tenían en Taboga. Además, renunció al título de adelantado a favor de Almagro, con la única condición de que el Monarca lo ratificara.
En un clima humano que no era ideal, se iniciaron los preparativos para el tercer viaje al Perú. Por entonces le llegó a Almagro un escudo de armas y el título de mariscal. Todo esto calmó al viejo y tuerto milite manchego que vio mermada su proverbial actividad, pues el terrible mal de bubas le causaba grandes dolores. Pese a ello logró que bajo su banderín de enganche se anotaran ciento cincuenta y tres hombres, con los cuales marchó hacia el Perú, mientras Pizarro capturaba a Atahualpa en Cajamarca y se comenzaba a juntar una fabulosa fortuna en oro y plata que, teóricamente, serviría para el rescate del inca.
Almagro llegó a San Miguel y se enteró de tan portentosas nuevas. Sintió la amargura de no haber estado presente en ese histórico episodio y por un momento pensó que lo mejor para él sería poblar en Puerto Viejo y solicitar la gobernación de Quito. Después recapacitaría y marchó hacia Cajamarca, donde pudo dar la enhorabuena a Pizarro el 12 de abril de 1533. Nuevamente Hernando Pizarro incordió con sus desaires, que Almagro supo disimular. Ahora el gran interés que tenía era la muerte de Atahualpa, pues el oro y la plata que se amontonaba eran para los captores del Inca y no para él y sus hombres. En las jornadas siguientes sí tendría participación económica. Atahualpa fue ejecutado el 26 de julio de 1533.
Ya juntos como socios, Almagro y Pizarro reanudaron la marcha. Primero a Jauja y después al Cuzco. Pizarro le pidió a Almagro que tomase posesión de la costa para evitar los ambiciosos proyectos del adelantado Pedro de Alvarado, lugarteniente de Hernán Cortés en la conquista de México. Almagro cumplió cabalmente el encargo. Efectuó la primera fundación de Trujillo y, en compañía de Sebastián de Belalcázar, ascendió hasta Quito para oponerse a la desmedida ambición de Pedro de Alvarado. Almagro evitó el enfrentamiento entre españoles y pasó a negociar con el rubio gobernador de Guatemala, quien pretendía que la ciudad del Cuzco le pertenecía. En las conversaciones parece que Almagro no estuvo, al principio, lo suficientemente enérgico para defender sus derechos, que eran también los de Pizarro, pero después llegó a un acuerdo económico con Alvarado. Éste le dejaría todos sus hombres y navíos a cambio de 100.000 castellanos de oro. Hecho el trato, bajaron a la costa y Almagro, Alvarado y Pizarro se reunieron en Pachacamac, donde el segundo de los nombrados recibió el dinero ofrecido y se marchó a Guatemala.
Antes de estos hechos, Hernando Pizarro había marchado a España llevando al Monarca el quinto del rescate de Atahualpa. Almagro, a su vez, comisionó secretamente a diversos partidarios suyos para que pidieran a la Corona una gobernación independiente para él. Con el oro y la plata obtenidos en Cuzco, Almagro tenía una gran capacidad económica que le permitía encontrar valedores en las Indias, como el cronista Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, y también en España. La ansiada gobernación debía llegar cuanto antes.
En España, Hernando Pizarro, enemigo mortal de Almagro desde un primer momento, intrigó contra él ante los más altos personajes de la Corte. Sin embargo, los valedores de Almagro supieron defenderle vigorosamente y obtener para él una gobernación —la de Nueva Toledo—, que debía estar al sur de la de Pizarro con una extensión de doscientas leguas. Precisamente, Almagro estaba en Cuzco cuando recibió la Real Cédula que daba absoluta legalidad a su deseo de conquistar Chile. Juan y Gonzalo Pizarro, ante esta nueva situación y con el respaldo de su hermano Francisco, se negaron a que Almagro fuera teniente gobernador de Pizarro en Cuzco. Esta situación estuvo a punto de provocar un sangriento motín entre pizarristas y almagristas, pero, felizmente, por entonces Francisco Pizarro llegó a la vieja capital de los incas y el 12 de junio de 1535 ambos socios, comulgando de una misma hostia remozaron su pacto de amistad.
La expedición a Chile fue un rotundo fracaso. Cierto es que los españoles iban bien aprovisionados, con buenas cabalgaduras e indios de servicio, pero el clima, la tierra estéril y otras complicaciones no pudieron superarse. Lo cierto es que Almagro eligió una ruta equivocada, la más difícil. Atravesaron la altiplanicie del Collao, bordearon el lago Titicaca y discurriendo por serranías desiertas se detuvieron en Tupiza. De allí siguieron avanzando hacia el Sur, ascendieron el paso de San Francisco para llegar a la Puna de Atacama, a 4.000 metros de altura. El frío, el mal de altura y las enfermedades mataron a indios, caballos y a no pocos españoles. La expedición atravesó la cordillera y descendió a Copiapó. Allí pudieron reponerse de tantas penurias durante algunas semanas. Continuaron posteriormente —siempre hacia el Sur— por los valles de Huasco y Coquimbo para acampar en el valle de Aconcagua. Una vez que la hueste descansó, Almagro dispuso que cuatro tropillas de jinetes exploraran el territorio. La más importante de todas, al mando de Gómez de Alvarado, llegó hasta las orillas del río Maule para regresar con las más negras noticias: no había la menor huella de metales preciosos y los naturales de esas tierras vivían en la mayor pobreza. Fue entonces cuando decidieron regresar tomando como punto de reagrupamiento Copiapó. A fines de 1536 iniciaron la marcha hacia Perú por el desierto de Atacama y, en los primeros meses de 1537, llegaban a la villa de Arequipa. Antes de continuar relatando la trayectoria vital de Almagro, conviene recordar que Francisco Pizarro, después de la ejecución de Atahualpa, decidió como medida política coronar a un nuevo Inca, con el que los españoles pudieran entenderse y que mantuviera ascendiente sobre el pueblo nativo. El primer elegido fue Toparpa, hermano de Huáscar, quien murió envenenado por uno de los generales de Atahualpa. Se eligió como sucesor a otro hermano de Huáscar, Manco Inca, quien, según el testimonio del cronista Juan de Betanzos, “se apercibió de que el nombramiento era más ficticio que efectivo” y por ello, Manco Inca se concertó con su hermano Paullu o Paulo y con el sumo sacerdote Vilaoma para pintarle a Diego de Almagro un panorama de ingentes riquezas en tierras de Chile. Dice al respecto la historiadora española María del Carmen Martín Rubio: “Para mejor engañarle, dijeron a Almagro que, con el fin de ofrecerle máxima seguridad en el viaje, le acompañarían como guías Paullu y Vilaoma; pero, entre ellos habían programado que una noche, cuando hubieran caminado bastante, Vilaoma huiría y Paullo se quedaría hasta haber pasado los grandes puertos de montaña. Entonces ya debían haber muerto muchos españoles y los que hubieran sobrevivido estarían en muy malas condiciones físicas, desparramados y sin orden; por tanto, sería fácil que terminasen con ellos los indios de Chile y Coyapo; si alguno quedaba con vida, perecería pronto, pues el Sumo Sacerdote tenía previsto levantar en su contra las etnias del Collao y con ellas dar muerte en el Cuzco a los pocos conquistadores que hubieran podido volver hambrientos y sedientos. Es muy probable que existiera la conjura reflejada por Juan de Betanzos, pues otros cronistas también la conocieron; pero posiblemente Pizarro y Almagro nunca llegaron a enterarse de aquel acuerdo. Al contrario, debieron de creer y confiar en la fidelidad de Paullo por el comportamiento que demostraba hacia ellos. Mas, al finalizar los hechos sucedidos en la expedición, parece que realmente estuvo involucrado en la trama, y no es arriesgado aventurar que con la total ignorancia de los lideres españoles, el plan comenzó a llevarse adelante, ya que ciertamente, Almagro junto a Paullo, Vilaoma y un gran número de hombres salió del Cuzco rumbo a Chile el 3 de julio de 1535 y, según estaba acordado, cuando el grupo llegó a Tupiza, el Sumo Sacerdote emprendió discretamente la vuelta, concertando antes con Paullo que matara a los conquistadores en la travesía de la cordillera del Collasuyo, pues él, por donde pasara, hablaría a los indios para que se levantasen en contra de los extranjeros. Garcilaso de la Vega, quien también conoció la conjura, nos pone al corriente de las dificultades que entrañaba el cumplimiento del encargo encomendado a Paullo. En tal sentido, dice que Manco mandó mensajeros a Chile, avisando a su hermano y a Vilaoma de que tenía decidido matar a todos los españoles que había en el Perú, con el fin de restaurar su Imperio; los mensajeros también les comunicaron que ellos debían de hacer lo mismo con Almagro y los suyos. Paullo, tras pensarlo, reunió a los nobles que integraban su grupo y les expuso el plan, pero éstos no lo consideraron conveniente por estimar que no contaban con fuerzas suficientes para atacar a los conquistadores, debido a que habían perecido de hambre y frío más de diez mil indios en la sierra nevada que poco antes habían atravesado, y tampoco de atrevieron a atacarles durante la noche, porque tenían establecida continua vigilancia en los campamentos. Ante esas adversas circunstancias acordaron que Vilaoma huyese y Paullo se quedase con el objeto de dar a conocer a su hermano los movimientos que los españoles hacían, mas según la información proporcionada por Garcilaso, éste, evaluando las pocas probabilidades de triunfo que tenían tan escaso número de indígenas, quiso evitar nuevas muertes de sus compatriotas y no se decidió a atacar. Sin embargo, parece que la trama estuvo muy bien urdida a pesar de haber desertado Vilaoma, porque Almagro no sospechó nada en el resto del viaje y tampoco de la intención que Paullo guardaba en su interior de apoyar a Manco si se presentaba la ocasión; al contrario, en los veintidós meses que duró la expedición, el Adelantado sacó la opinión de que la conducta del Príncipe colaborador había sido altamente positiva; por ello, en 1537 le nombró Inca de la Nuevo Toledo y le entregó la mascapaicha o borla imperial”.
Los hombres de confianza de Diego de Almagro, Gómez y Diego de Alvarado, Hernando de Sosa y Juan de Rada, insistían para que se apoderara de Cuzco, que estaba cercado por Manco Inca. La ciudad estaba defendida por los hermanos de Francisco Pizarro: Hernando, Juan (que moriría en un encuentro con los indios) y Gonzalo. Almagro dudaba.
Cuzco, mejor dicho su posesión, sería el punto central de la controversia limítrofe entre las gobernaciones de Nueva Castilla y Nueva Toledo.
Hay testimonios que dicen que Almagro intentó un arreglo con Manco Inca que, a la postre, se frustró. Entonces, Almagro envió emisarios a Cuzco exigiendo a Hernando que le entregara la ciudad. Éste se negó rotundamente. En la noche del 8 de abril de 1537 la hueste de Almagro tomó por asalto el Cuzco y Hernando y Gonzalo Pizarro fueron hechos prisioneros. Almagro se hizo recibir por el Cabildo como gobernador de Cuzco y de inmediato marchó hacia el Puente de Abancay donde sorprendió a un importante contingente pizarrista, al mando de Alonso de Alvarado, que iba en socorro de los hermanos de Francisco asediados por Manco Inca. Después de esta victoria, Almagro regresó a Cuzco y otorgó la mascapaicha a Paullu.
Enterado Francisco Pizarro del regreso de Almagro y de la prisión de sus hermanos, envió a Cuzco a una persona amiga de los gobernadores: el licenciado Espinosa, que falleció durante el viaje. Almagro bajó a la costa y en Chincha fundó la villa de Almagro. Pizarro apeló entonces al arbitraje respecto de Cuzco y propuso para esta delicada misión al sacerdote mercedario Francisco de Bobadilla. Ambos gobernadores pactaron una conferencia en un punto denominado Mala, la cual tuvo lugar el 13 de noviembre de 1537, pero se interrumpió abruptamente, pues Almagro se retiró temiendo una celada.
En medio de un clima de mutua desconfianza entre Almagro y Pizarro, fray Francisco de Bobadilla, aceptado por Almagro como árbitro, emitió su dictamen. Decía que pilotos expertos en cosas de la mar debían fijar la exacta posición de ambas gobernaciones, pero, hasta que se diera el fallo definitivo, juzgaba que Cuzco pertenecía a Pizarro. Ambos gobernadores debían disolver sus tropas o enviarlas a combatir a Manco Inca. Por último, la ciudad fundada por Almagro en Chincha debía trasladarse a Nazca. Los almagristas rechazaron el fallo y Rodrigo Orgóñez insistió en que se debía ejecutar a Hernando Pizarro. Su hermano Gonzalo logró huir.
El 23 de noviembre de 1537, Almagro decidió seguir ocupando Cuzco hasta que el Emperador diera un fallo definitivo. También ordenó que la villa de Almagro se trasladara a Sangallán. Francisco Pizarro aceptó todo a cambio de la libertad de su hermano Hernando, la que consiguió pese a la protesta unánime de los capitanes almagristas. Pretextando que había que seguir la lucha contra Manco Inca, Hernando Pizarro formó un ejército para llevarlo a Cuzco. Por esos días, Francisco Pizarro recibió una Real Cédula donde se ordenaba a Diego de Almagro salir de todos los lugares conquistados por su socio. En un acto de verdadera desesperación, Almagro y los suyos marcharon también a Cuzco para defenderlo.
Los pizarristas, con Hernando a la cabeza, llegaron a la pétrea ciudad imperial. Los almagristas, dirigidos por Rodrigo Orgóñez, pues el gobernador estaba muy enfermo, ocuparon emplazamientos en el campo de Las Salinas, cerca de Cuzco. El 5 de abril de 1538 se avistaron los dos ejércitos. Un cronista escribió: “Jamás de una parte ni de la otra salieron a tratar de paz [...] tanto era el odio que se tenían”. El 6 de abril con los primeros rayos del sol ambos bandos se lanzaron al combate con singular denuedo. Almagro, en una litera, pues no podía caminar, contemplaba la batalla desde un cerro. Ni almagristas ni pizarristas pidieron ni dieron cuartel. La lucha fue singularmente cruel. El desempeño de Rodrigo Orgóñez, sus hazañas durante la acción, son dignas de recordarse. Aunque, lamentablemente, murió a manos de un villano y otro le cortó la cabeza. La victoria quedó para los pizarristas. Diego de Almagro y unos pocos leales escaparon hacia la fortaleza de Sacsahuamán con el vano intento de seguir defendiéndose o morir en la demanda.
Alonso de Alvarado, Felipe Gutiérrez, Alonso del Toro y otros más, enemigos jurados de Almagro, lo buscaron y le intimaron rendición. El viejo y enfermo gobernador de la Nueva Toledo se entregó y lo llevaron a Cuzco donde los pizarristas habían asesinado a los vencidos almagristas. Diego fue puesto en una prisión desde donde Hernando Pizarro le daba esperanzas de vida, pese a que ya tenía decidido ejecutarlo. Finalmente fijó la fecha. Almagro debía morir el 8 de julio de 1538. Hernando Pizarro tomó infinitas precauciones, pues temió que los pocos almagristas que aún quedaban intentaran rescatarlo. Pedro Cieza de León relató los últimos momentos y la muerte de Diego de Almagro: “Hernando Pizarro le tornó á decir que se confesase, porque no tenía remedio excusar su muerte. Luego el Adelantado se confesó con mucha contrición, é por virtud de una provisión del Emperador nuestro Señor, en la cual le daba poder para que pudiese en su vida nombrar Gobernador, señaló á D. Diego, su hijo, dejando á Diego de Alvarado por su gobernador hasta que fuese de edad; é fecho testamento dejó por su heredero al Rey, diciendo que había gran suma de dinero en la compañía suya é del Gobernador, é que de todo le tomasen cuenta; é que suplicaba á S.M. se acordase de hacer mercedes á su hijo. É mirando contra Alonso de Toro, dijo: ‘Agora, Toro, os vereis harto de mis carnes’. Las bocas de las calles estaban tomadas é la plaza segura, é como se divulgó que querían matar al Adelantado fue grandísimo el sentimiento que demostraron los de Chile; los indios lloraban todos, diciendo que Almagro era buen capitan, y de quien recibieron buen tratamiento. É ya que hobo hecho su testamento, Hernando Pizarro mandó darle garrote dentro en el cubo, porque no se atrevió a sacarle fuera, é así se hizo; é después que le hobieron muerto le sacaron en un repostero, con voz de pregonero que iba diciendo: ‘Esta es la justicia que manda hacer S.M. y Hernando Pizarro en su nombre, á este hombre por alborotador de estos reinos, é porque entró en la ciudad del Cuzco con banderas tendidas, é se hizo recibir por fuerza, prendiendo á las justicias, é porque fué á la puente de Abancay é dió batalla al capitan Alonso de Alvarado, é lo prendió á él é á los otros, é había hecho delitos é dado muertes’. Por las cuales cosas y otras, daban en el pregón á entender ser digno de muerte. El virtuoso caballero Diego de Alvarado, no así ligeramente podemos decir las lamentaciones que hacía en este tiempo, llamando de tirano á Hernando Pizarro, é diciendo que por haberle él dado la vida daba la muerte al Adelantado; é llegado al rollo, le cortaron la cabeza al pié dél, é luégo llevaron el cuerpo del mal afortunado Adelantado á las casas de Hernán Ponce de Leon, adonde le amortajaron. Hernando Pizarro salió, cubierta la cabeza con un gran sombrero, y todos los capitanes é más principales salieron á acompañar el cuerpo generoso, é con mucha honra fue llevado al monasterio de Nuestra Señora de la Merced, adonde están sus huesos. Murió de sesenta y tres años; era de pequeño cuerpo, de feo rostro é de mucho ánimo; gran trabajador, liberal, aunque con jactancia de gran presunción sacudia con la lengua algunas veces sin refrenarse; era avisado, y, sobre todo, muy temeroso del Rey. Fué gran parte para que estos reinos se descubriesen, según mas claramente lo he contado en los libros de las Conquistas; dejando las opiniones que algunos tienen, digo que era natural de Aldea del Rey [sic], nacido de tan bajos padres que se puede decir de él principiar y acabar en él su linaje”. Como indica Cieza, Almagro tuvo un hijo que se llamó Diego de Almagro, el Mozo, tenido con una india panameña bautizada como Ana Martínez. Los partidarios de Almagro, el 26 de junio de 1541, asesinaron a Francisco Pizarro en Lima y proclamaron gobernador de Perú a Diego de Almagro el Mozo. Esta insurrección terminó en la batalla de Chupas, cuando las tropas del licenciado Cristóbal Vaca de Castro, que había venido a Perú para dirimir los problemas limítrofes de las gobernaciones de Pizarro y Almagro, se enfrentaron con las del hijo de este último y fueron derrotadas. Almagro el Mozo fue tomado prisionero, llevado a Cuzco, y allí se le ejecutó y enterraron sus restos en la Iglesia de La Merced, junto con los de su padre. De estos despojos no ha quedado vestigio alguno. Almagro tuvo también en Panamá otra hija con una india llamada Mencía, a la que pusieron el nombre de Isabel. Se desconoce el destino que corrió.
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Pizarro, Relación del descubrimiento y conquista de los reinos del Perú, Buenos Aires, Editorial Futuro, 1944","A. de Zárate, Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista del Perú, Lima, Imprenta Miranda, 1944","R. Porras Barrenechea, Cedulario del Perú, Lima, Imprenta Torres Aguirre, 1944","A. de Herrera, Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Océano, Buenos Aires, Imprenta Continental, 1945","L. Galdames, Historia de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Empresa Editora Zig Zag, 1945","D. de Trujillo, Relación del Descubrimiento del Reyno del Perú, Sevilla, Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1948","A. de Borregan, Crónica de la Conquista del Perú, Sevilla, Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1948","A. de Ramón, Descubrimiento de Chile y compañeros de Almagro, Santiago de Chile, Universidad Católica de Chile, 1953","F. López de Gomara, Historia General de las Indias, Barcelona, Imprenta de Agustín Núñez, 1954","A. Bulnes, “El Almagro”, en Suplemento Dominical del diario “El Comercio” (Lima), 3 de enero de 1954","G. Inca de la Vega, Los Comentarios Reales de los Incas, Lima, Librería Internacional del Perú, 1960","P. Cieza de León, Crónica del Perú (Tercera Parte), Lima, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú-Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1989","A. de Ramón, Breve historia de Chile, Buenos Aires, Editorial Biblos, 2001","M. C. Martín Rubio, “El Inca Paullu”, en Paccarina (Lima), año 1, n.º 1 (marzo de 2006).
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